Duplexer Basics

Cavity filters can be used as narrow BandPass filters, a single tuned circuit with a very high Q (12000+) coupled into and out of by various methods, usually a loop coupling to the, in cavity magnetic field.
They can also be a narrow BandReject filter, usually done with one coupling loop and where the cavity, at resonance, presents a very low impedance. Thus is used to "short out" the signal on the coax line at a Tee junction.
Because our Ham Radio repeater split frequencies are so narrow, particularly on 6m and 2m, we need a different cavity type, the BandPass AND BandRegect type (BP-BR).

1) The single connector series loop and trimmer to GND type.

2) The two connector, couple a bit of energy between the coupling loops
    with either L or C.

3) The two connector, couple some energy magnetically between loops.

4) The two connector, parallel resonant circuit between connectors.

5) The single connector capacitor divider, with either L or C in the GND side.
    As in the 2" heliax duplexer for 6m.

AND, the aperture coupled Band Pass UHF cavities behind the image Ant_Tee_IMG_3734b.jpg.

AND, the Hybrid Ring, perhaps lost in time as it is for a small frequency range only. Hybrid rings from 1966

Examples:

Type 1 Series coil and cap, trimmer to GND

.....
Note: No connectors, hardwired and Gold trimmer.

Type 2 Couple a bit of signal between loops, L or C

Note phase swap of LHS loop, makes for larger L.

Type 3 Magnetic coupling

Magnetic coupling. Pass then Notch, 2x 195mm
Notch then Pass, 2 wires 2mm x 205mm Coil ID 14mm.

Type 4 Parallel resonant circuit metween two connectors

Two connectors parallel resonant circuit between.
Three adjustments, cavity plunger, rotate probe assy., adjust cap.

Note the caps between the connectors.

4x 5" cans in the 19" rack nice, I question if it is good enough for our 600KHz spacing?
Can't be Wacom WP639 or WP641, no down the side coaxial stub
Tx noise supp. at Rx freq. 80 dB at 0.6 MHz, 90 dB at 2 MHz
Rx isolation at Tx freq. 80 dB at 0.6 MHz, 90 dB at 2 MHz

Type 5, Capacitive coupling at the Hi Voltage end

See A 1972 article on 2" heliax as resonators for 6m also on UHF the Motorola T1500

The Antenna Tee Where the two cavity chains join to feed one antenna.

At the notch frequency, types 1 and 5 (above) present a Very Low impedance thus back at the antenna "T" where we need a High impedance as the energy at this frequency is to go straight past, we can use a quarter wavelength line to achieve this.

Type 4 presents a High impedance at the notch frequency so half wave lines are used to the Antenna "T". Between cavity lines, see Ref (h).

Types 2 and 3 and the Band Pass cavities present a High VSWR but neither High or Low impedance exactly, this is where it gets hard. A Vector Network Analyser is a great tool here but I doubt they had one back in the 1960s. Instead, General Radio Inc. made a constant impedance adjustable line. Adjusts 20cm and they would have used other known lengths of coax to calibrate it.

The LHS of my picture Ant_T_IMG_3734b.jpg has an extra half wave of hard-line to
get the lengths right (as best I could).

Between cavity lines

IMG_3733b.jpg TNC connectors

References:

a) A 1972 article on 2" heliax as resonators for 6m
b) A 1965 IEEE article by Phelps Dodge
c) A general article by EMR Corp
d) A 2010 article by Sinclair
e) Where the loop cannot be rotated...VE2AZX
f) Motorola T1500 UHF series, with internal pictures.
g) TX-RX Coupling Loop Project on the Repeater Builder website but no followup on a full duplexer build.
h) TX-RX-instruction-manual-vari-notch-duplexers-with-6-inch-cavities.pdf 1/4 wave inter-connect cables, not quite correct.
i) andrew-about-rf-communications.pdf Section 4, a general article.
j) Hybrid rings from 1966
k) Vari-Notch patent
l) Chapter on the Hybrid Ring by W2EUP
m) Duplexers, Theory, and More by I1WQR
n) My page on the Hybrid Ring
o) GE M2 comparison Tx PLL to Tx multiplier systems (VHF)

Alan VK2ZIW